作業系統設計與實作

以 Linux 作業系統為基礎，講授作業系統內部的設計與實作！

作業系統內部設計
作業系統實作
系統行程管理
系統記憶體管理
檔案系統

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作業系統是什麼？

# 關於「作業系統」

作業系統（Operating System，縮寫：OS）是管理電腦硬體與軟體的系統軟體，也是電腦系統的核心。作業系統需要處理：管理與組態記憶體、決定系統資源供需的優先次序、控制輸入與輸出裝置、操作網路與管理檔案系統等基本事務。此外，作業系統也提供讓使用者與系統互動的操作介面。

深入解析作業系統

# 以 Linux 為基礎，從剖析到實作一次教授

本課程以 Linux 作業系統為基礎，講授作業系統內部的設計與實作方法。課程將透過一系列的實驗模組，來對 Linux 的行程管理，記憶體管理，檔案系統，輸出入系統進行深入的剖析以及修改。除了累積實際動手修改作業系統的經驗，亦可培養大型程式專案規劃的概念，以及大量程式原始碼追蹤（trace）的能力。

參考書目

OSDI references

Andrew S Tanenbaum, and Albert S Woodhull, "Operating Systems Design and Implementation (3rd Edition)"

Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, and John S. Quarterman, "The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System"

Linux Kernel

Robert Love, "Linux Kernel Development (3rd Edition)"

Michael Beck, Harald Bohme, Mirko Dziadzka, Ulrich Kunitz, Robert Magnus, and Dirk Verworner, "Linux Kernel Internals (2nd Edition)"

Daniel P. Bovet, and Marco Cesati, "Understanding the Linux Kernel, Third Edition"

Network subsystem

Klaus Wehrle, Frank Pahlke, Hartmut Ritter, Daniel Muller, and Marc Bechler, "Linux Networking Architecture"

Christian Benvenuti, "Understanding Linux Network Internals"

Device Drivers

Sreekrishnan Venkateswaran, "Essential Linux Device Drivers"

Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman, "Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition"

關於 HiSKIO 開放課程

本課程由HiSKIO團隊重新剪輯、整理、後製。

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開放課程永久免費，無限制觀看期限

關於作者（Author）

感謝曹孝櫟老師分享課程

國立交通大學開放式課程

章節目錄

1-1
課程簡介
1-2
Linking / How to compile Kernel codes
1-3
Assembly, Machine code, Memory dump / Von Neumann vs. Harvard Architecture / ARM Core Dataflow Model
1-4
Emulator / Simulator / VM
1-5
How Debugger Works? / Kernel Debugger / printk() / options / Call Stack / ksymoops / gdb / kgdb / kdb
1-6
Linux Profile / System Load Monitoring / OProfile / KFT / How to implement it / lockmeter / Memory leaking / Test equipment
1-7
SVN/CVS/GIT / How to maintain Kernel codes / lock-modify-unlock problem / Basic Work Cycle / Centralised Version Control / GIT / Local operations / Basic GIT workflow

作業系統是什麼？

深入解析作業系統

參考書目

關於 HiSKIO 開放課程

關於作者（Author）

章節目錄

1Getting started with kernel and kernel debugging共 7 單元

2Booting process共 5 單元

3Process Management – Part I共 5 單元

4Process Management – Part II共 6 單元

5Memory Management – Part I共 4 單元

6Memory Management – Part II共 5 單元

7Memory Management – Part III共 6 單元

8Kernel Synchronization共 6 單元

9Interrupt and Interrupt Handling共 7 單元

10Filesystem and Block I/O & Network Protocol and NIC Driver共 8 單元

課程簡介

Linking / How to compile Kernel codes

Assembly, Machine code, Memory dump / Von Neumann vs. Harvard Architecture / ARM Core Dataflow Model

Emulator / Simulator / VM

How Debugger Works? / Kernel Debugger / printk() / options / Call Stack / ksymoops / gdb / kgdb / kdb

Linux Profile / System Load Monitoring / OProfile / KFT / How to implement it / lockmeter / Memory leaking / Test equipment

SVN/CVS/GIT / How to maintain Kernel codes / lock-modify-unlock problem / Basic Work Cycle / Centralised Version Control / GIT / Local operations / Basic GIT workflow

High Level View of Monthboard Power Delivery Circuits / Why four loaders are necessary

First Bootloader

Bootloader memory map / PC Booting / MBR

Loading Kernel / Linux Boot / Kernel Image Structure

Linux booting / Mount root disk / Loader / Bootloader Speedups /

OS Memory Layout with Process A / Process A Calls Lib and then Traps / Traps Kernel

Exceptions and interrupts

x86 Interrupts and Linux Usage / Linux System Call Table / Linux System Call Procedures / Process Context / Kernel Space vs. User Space

Process descriptor in Linux

Process creation and destroy in Linux

Process schedule and context switching in Linux / scheduler in Details

Interrupt Basics / X86 Interrupts / Time Interrupt Basics

Process Context / Interrupt Context

Process Context + Interrupt Context / User preemption / Kernel preemption / Preemptive Kernel / Single Core vs. Multi-core

Schedule Algorithms / How Linux Scheduler Works / Timeslice / Linux O(1) cheduler / Calculating Priority

Scheduler in Details / How x86 helps in Context Switch / Process related terms

Memory Management

Physical Memory vs. Virtual Memory / Virtual addresses

Segmentation Memory Management / Page Memory Management / Paging with TLB

Segmentation with paging (x86 example) / Page Table / TLB Flush When Context Switch

Physical memory management

Why Physical memory management? / How to Protect Memory Access without MMU? / Region Assignment and Memory Map

External Fragmentation / uCLinux Design / Frame Table / Kernel Memory Management

Overall Architecture / System Components around Slab Allocaters / Linux Memory Zones / Nodes, Zones and Pages

Linux MM / Zoned Buddy Allocator / Page Allocation/Free APls

Kernel Space vs. User Space / Virtual Addresses Before/After Context Switchers

Per Process Address Space / task_struct amd mm_struct / VMA

Segmentation Fault / Page Fault / Linux Kernel Thread and mm

VMA, Page and Frame / Memory Region / VMA Search Using R-B Tree / Process Address Space / Enlarge VMA / Page Fault Handler

Memory Mapped / Having memory mapped pages in common / Shared vs private mappings / Shared file mapping / File mapping and memory layout

Page Cache / The Types of Pages Considered by the PFRA / Implementation of PFRA

Overview / Solution

Locking

Causes of Concurrency

What do you protect? / Questions to ask before locking / Deadlocks / How to prevent? / Atomic Operations / How to protect critical section?

Spin lock / Spin lock irq / Spin lock irqsave / Spin lock methods / Read/Write Spin Locks /

Semaphores / Mutex / Other Mechanisms / Protection of Shared Data in Kernel / Single Core+ (Non-)preemptive kernel

Step 1: A keypad / Step 2: Connect your keypad to your X86 / Step 3: Write an x86 program/read the inputs

Step 4: Connect your keypad to 8051 / Step 6: Connect your keypad+8051 to your PC

Review

Software operations / Interrupt, Interrupt Handler, and Device Driver / Top Halves vs. Bottom Halves / Interrupt Handling / IRQ descriptors / Nested Interrupt

Process Context/Interrupt Context / Exceptions and interrupts / How to implement it

File operations / Device file operations / Device write

Linux Implementation / ksoftirqd / tasklet

Architecture / VFS Objects and Data Structures / The Superblock Object / The Dentry Object

Data Structure Overview of VFS / inode Block Pointers / Advantages of inodes / File Reading Example / Allocation Policy

Typical Layout of Pages/Blocks / Block device driver /

Linux Network Architecture / TCP/IP Program

socket / Network interface and interrupt handler

Socket Interface / Socket, sock, sk_buff, packet, protocol, device / UDP Example / Kernel initialization / Network Protocol Layers / Internet Protocol Layers

SDU vs. PDU / Socket Buffer / Buffer management

TCP Protocol / IP Protocol / NIC driver and protocol stack / NAPI

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