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    C++ Notes for Professionals book

    Amazing collection of free programming books

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    Amazing collection of free programming books

    The Notes for Professionals book is compiled from Stack Overflow Documentation, the content is written by the beautiful people at Stack Overflow. Text content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA. See credits at the end of this book whom contributed to the various chapters. Images may be copyright of their respective owners unless otherwise specified

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    章節目錄

    • 1-1
      Content list
    • 1-2
      About
    • 1-3
      Chapter 1: Getting started with C++
    • 1-4
      Section 1.1: Hello World
    • 1-5
      Section 1.2: Comments
    • 1-6
      Section 1.3: The standard C++ compilation process
    • 1-7
      Section 1.4: Function
    • 1-8
      Section 1.5: Visibility of function prototypes and declarations
    • 1-9
      Section 1.6: Preprocessor
    • 1-10
      Chapter 2: Literals
    • 1-11
      Section 2.1: this
    • 1-12
      Section 2.2: Integer literal
    • 1-13
      Section 2.3: true
    • 1-14
      Section 2.4: false
    • 1-15
      Section 2.5: nullptr
    • 1-16
      Chapter 3: operator precedence
    • 1-17
      Section 3.1: Logical && and || operators: short-circuit
    • 1-18
      Section 3.2: Unary Operators
    • 1-19
      Section 3.3: Arithmetic operators
    • 1-20
      Section 3.4: Logical AND and OR operators
    • 1-21
      Chapter 4: Floating Point Arithmetic
    • 1-22
      Section 4.1: Floating Point Numbers are Weird
    • 1-23
      Chapter 5: Bit Operators
    • 1-24
      Section 5.1: | - bitwise OR
    • 1-25
      Section 5.2: ^ - bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)
    • 1-26
      Section 5.3: & - bitwise AND
    • 1-27
      Section 5.4: << - left shift
    • 1-28
      Section 5.5: >> - right shift
    • 1-29
      Chapter 6: Bit Manipulation
    • 1-30
      Section 6.1: Remove rightmost set bit
    • 1-31
      Section 6.2: Set all bits
    • 1-32
      Section 6.3: Toggling a bit
    • 1-33
      Section 6.4: Checking a bit
    • 1-34
      Section 6.5: Counting bits set
    • 1-35
      Section 6.6: Check if an integer is a power of 2
    • 1-36
      Section 6.7: Setting a bit
    • 1-37
      Section 6.8: Clearing a bit
    • 1-38
      Section 6.9: Changing the nth bit to x
    • 1-39
      Section 6.10: Bit Manipulation Application: Small to Capital Letter
    • 1-40
      Chapter 7: Bit fields
    • 1-41
      Section 7.1: Declaration and Usage
    • 1-42
      Chapter 8: Arrays
    • 1-43
      Section 8.1: Array initialization
    • 1-44
      Section 8.2: A fixed size raw array matrix (that is, a 2D raw array)
    • 1-45
      Section 8.3: Dynamically sized raw array
    • 1-46
      Section 8.4: Array size: type safe at compile time
    • 1-47
      Section 8.5: Expanding dynamic size array by using std::vector
    • 1-48
      Section 8.6: A dynamic size matrix using std::vector for storage
    • 1-49
      Chapter 9: Iterators
    • 1-50
      Section 9.1: Overview
    • 1-51
      Section 9.2: Vector Iterator
    • 1-52
      Section 9.3: Map Iterator
    • 1-53
      Section 9.4: Reverse Iterators
    • 1-54
      Section 9.5: Stream Iterators
    • 1-55
      Section 9.6: C Iterators (Pointers)
    • 1-56
      Section 9.7: Write your own generator-backed iterator
    • 1-57
      Chapter 10: Basic input/output in c++
    • 1-58
      Section 10.1: user input and standard output
    • 1-59
      Chapter 11: Loops
    • 1-60
      Section 11.1: Range-Based For
    • 1-61
      Section 11.2: For loop
    • 1-62
      Section 11.3: While loop
    • 1-63
      Section 11.4: Do-while loop
    • 1-64
      Section 11.5: Loop Control statements : Break and Continue
    • 1-65
      Section 11.6: Declaration of variables in conditions
    • 1-66
      Section 11.7: Range-for over a sub-range
    • 1-67
      Chapter 12: File I/O
    • 1-68
      Section 12.1: Writing to a file
    • 1-69
      Section 12.2: Opening a file
    • 1-70
      Section 12.3: Reading from a file
    • 1-71
      Section 12.4: Opening modes
    • 1-72
      Section 12.5: Reading an ASCII file into a std::string
    • 1-73
      Section 12.6: Writing files with non-standard locale settings
    • 1-74
      Section 12.7: Checking end of file inside a loop condition, bad practice?
    • 1-75
      Section 12.8: Flushing a stream
    • 1-76
      Section 12.9: Reading a file into a container
    • 1-77
      Section 12.10: Copying a file
    • 1-78
      Section 12.11: Closing a file
    • 1-79
      Section 12.12: Reading a `struct` from a formatted text file
    • 1-80
      Chapter 13: C++ Streams
    • 1-81
      Section 13.1: String streams
    • 1-82
      Section 13.2: Printing collections with iostream
    • 1-83
      Chapter 14: Stream manipulators
    • 1-84
      Section 14.1: Stream manipulators
    • 1-85
      Section 14.2: Output stream manipulators
    • 1-86
      Section 14.3: Input stream manipulators
    • 1-87
      Chapter 15: Flow Control
    • 1-88
      Section 15.1: case
    • 1-89
      Section 15.2: switch
    • 1-90
      Section 15.3: catch
    • 1-91
      Section 15.4: throw
    • 1-92
      Section 15.5: default
    • 1-93
      Section 15.6: try
    • 1-94
      Section 15.7: if
    • 1-95
      Section 15.8: else
    • 1-96
      Section 15.9: Conditional Structures: if, if..else
    • 1-97
      Section 15.10: goto
    • 1-98
      Section 15.11: Jump statements : break, continue, goto, exit
    • 1-99
      Section 15.12: return
    • 1-100
      Chapter 16: Metaprogramming
    • 1-101
      Section 16.1: Calculating Factorials
    • 1-102
      Section 16.2: Iterating over a parameter pack
    • 1-103
      Section 16.3: Iterating with std::integer_sequence
    • 1-104
      Section 16.4: Tag Dispatching
    • 1-105
      Section 16.5: Detect Whether Expression is Valid
    • 1-106
      Section 16.6: If-then-else
    • 1-107
      Section 16.7: Manual distinction of types when given any type T
    • 1-108
      Section 16.8: Calculating power with C++11 (and higher)
    • 1-109
      Section 16.9: Generic Min/Max with variable argument count
    • 1-110
      Chapter 17: const keyword
    • 1-111
      Section 17.1: Avoiding duplication of code in const and non-const getter methods
    • 1-112
      Section 17.2: Const member functions
    • 1-113
      Section 17.3: Const local variables
    • 1-114
      Section 17.4: Const pointers
    • 1-115
      Chapter 18: mutable keyword
    • 1-116
      Section 18.1: mutable lambdas
    • 1-117
      Section 18.2: non-static class member modifier
    • 1-118
      Chapter 19: Friend keyword
    • 1-119
      Section 19.1: Friend function
    • 1-120
      Section 19.2: Friend method
    • 1-121
      Section 19.3: Friend class
    • 1-122
      Chapter 20: Type Keywords
    • 1-123
      Section 20.1: class
    • 1-124
      Section 20.2: enum
    • 1-125
      Section 20.3: struct
    • 1-126
      Section 20.4: union
    • 1-127
      Chapter 21: Basic Type Keywords
    • 1-128
      Section 21.1: char
    • 1-129
      Section 21.2: char16_t
    • 1-130
      Section 21.3: char32_t
    • 1-131
      Section 21.4: int
    • 1-132
      Section 21.5: void
    • 1-133
      Section 21.6: wchar_t
    • 1-134
      Section 21.7: float
    • 1-135
      Section 21.8: double
    • 1-136
      Section 21.9: long
    • 1-137
      Section 21.10: short
    • 1-138
      Section 21.11: bool
    • 1-139
      Chapter 22: Variable Declaration Keywords
    • 1-140
      Section 22.1: decltype
    • 1-141
      Section 22.2: const
    • 1-142
      Section 22.3: volatile
    • 1-143
      Section 22.4: signed
    • 1-144
      Section 22.5: unsigned
    • 1-145
      Chapter 23: Keywords
    • 1-146
      Section 23.1: asm
    • 1-147
      Section 23.2: Dierent keywords
    • 1-148
      Section 23.3: typename
    • 1-149
      Section 23.4: explicit
    • 1-150
      Section 23.5: sizeof
    • 1-151
      Section 23.6: noexcept
    • 1-152
      Chapter 24: Returning several values from a function
    • 1-153
      Section 24.1: Using std::tuple
    • 1-154
      Section 24.2: Structured Bindings
    • 1-155
      Section 24.3: Using struct
    • 1-156
      Section 24.4: Using Output Parameters
    • 1-157
      Section 24.5: Using a Function Object Consumer
    • 1-158
      Section 24.6: Using std::pair
    • 1-159
      Section 24.7: Using std::array
    • 1-160
      Section 24.8: Using Output Iterator
    • 1-161
      Section 24.9: Using std::vector
    • 1-162
      Chapter 25: Polymorphism
    • 1-163
      Section 25.1: Define polymorphic classes
    • 1-164
      Section 25.2: Safe downcasting
    • 1-165
      Section 25.3: Polymorphism & Destructors
    • 1-166
      Chapter 26: References
    • 1-167
      Section 26.1: Defining a reference
    • 1-168
      Chapter 27: Value and Reference Semantics
    • 1-169
      Section 27.1: Definitions
    • 1-170
      Section 27.2: Deep copying and move support
    • 1-171
      Chapter 28: C++ function "call by value" vs. "call by reference"
    • 1-172
      Section 28.1: Call by value
    • 1-173
      Chapter 29: Copying vs Assignment
    • 1-174
      Section 29.1: Assignment Operator
    • 1-175
      Section 29.2: Copy Constructor
    • 1-176
      Section 29.3: Copy Constructor Vs Assignment Constructor
    • 1-177
      Chapter 30: Pointers
    • 1-178
      Section 30.1: Pointer Operations
    • 1-179
      Section 30.2: Pointer basics
    • 1-180
      Section 30.3: Pointer Arithmetic
    • 1-181
      Chapter 31: Pointers to members
    • 1-182
      Section 31.1: Pointers to static member functions
    • 1-183
      Section 31.2: Pointers to member functions
    • 1-184
      Section 31.3: Pointers to member variables
    • 1-185
      Section 31.4: Pointers to static member variables
    • 1-186
      Chapter 32: The This Pointer
    • 1-187
      Section 32.1: this Pointer
    • 1-188
      Section 32.2: Using the this Pointer to Access Member Data
    • 1-189
      Section 32.3: Using the this Pointer to Dierentiate Between Member Data and Parameters
    • 1-190
      Section 32.4: this Pointer CV-Qualifiers
    • 1-191
      Section 32.5: this Pointer Ref-Qualifiers
    • 1-192
      Chapter 33: Smart Pointers
    • 1-193
      Section 33.1: Unique ownership (std::unique_ptr)
    • 1-194
      Section 33.2: Sharing ownership (std::shared_ptr)
    • 1-195
      Section 33.3: Sharing with temporary ownership (std::weak_ptr)
    • 1-196
      Section 33.4: Using custom deleters to create a wrapper to a C interface
    • 1-197
      Section 33.5: Unique ownership without move semantics (auto_ptr)
    • 1-198
      Section 33.6: Casting std::shared_ptr pointers
    • 1-199
      Section 33.7: Writing a smart pointer: value_ptr
    • 1-200
      Section 33.8: Getting a shared_ptr referring to this
    • 1-201
      Chapter 34: Classes/Structures
    • 1-202
      Section 34.1: Class basics
    • 1-203
      Section 34.2: Final classes and structs
    • 1-204
      Section 34.3: Access specifiers
    • 1-205
      Section 34.4: Inheritance
    • 1-206
      Section 34.5: Friendship
    • 1-207
      Section 34.6: Virtual Inheritance
    • 1-208
      Section 34.7: Private inheritance: restricting base class interface
    • 1-209
      Section 34.8: Accessing class members
    • 1-210
      Section 34.9: Member Types and Aliases
    • 1-211
      Section 34.10: Nested Classes/Structures
    • 1-212
      Section 34.11: Unnamed struct/class
    • 1-213
      Section 34.12: Static class members
    • 1-214
      Section 34.13: Multiple Inheritance
    • 1-215
      Section 34.14: Non-static member functions
    • 1-216
      Chapter 35: Function Overloading
    • 1-217
      Section 35.1: What is Function Overloading?
    • 1-218
      Section 35.2: Return Type in Function Overloading
    • 1-219
      Section 35.3: Member Function cv-qualifier Overloading
    • 1-220
      Chapter 36: Operator Overloading
    • 1-221
      Section 36.1: Arithmetic operators
    • 1-222
      Section 36.2: Array subscript operator
    • 1-223
      Section 36.3: Conversion operators
    • 1-224
      Section 36.4: Complex Numbers Revisited
    • 1-225
      Section 36.5: Named operators
    • 1-226
      Section 36.6: Unary operators
    • 1-227
      Section 36.7: Comparison operators
    • 1-228
      Section 36.8: Assignment operator
    • 1-229
      Section 36.9: Function call operator
    • 1-230
      Section 36.10: Bitwise NOT operator
    • 1-231
      Section 36.11: Bit shift operators for I/O
    • 1-232
      Chapter 37: Function Template Overloading
    • 1-233
      Section 37.1: What is a valid function template overloading?
    • 1-234
      Chapter 38: Virtual Member Functions
    • 1-235
      Section 38.1: Final virtual functions
    • 1-236
      Section 38.2: Using override with virtual in C++11 and later
    • 1-237
      Section 38.3: Virtual vs non-virtual member functions
    • 1-238
      Section 38.4: Behaviour of virtual functions in constructors and destructors
    • 1-239
      Section 38.5: Pure virtual functions
    • 1-240
      Chapter 39: Inline functions
    • 1-241
      Section 39.1: Non-member inline function definition
    • 1-242
      Section 39.2: Member inline functions
    • 1-243
      Section 39.3: What is function inlining?
    • 1-244
      Section 39.4: Non-member inline function declaration
    • 1-245
      Chapter 40: Special Member Functions
    • 1-246
      Section 40.1: Default Constructor
    • 1-247
      Section 40.2: Destructor
    • 1-248
      Section 40.3: Copy and swap
    • 1-249
      Section 40.4: Implicit Move and Copy
    • 1-250
      Chapter 41: Non-Static Member Functions
    • 1-251
      Section 41.1: Non-static Member Functions
    • 1-252
      Section 41.2: Encapsulation
    • 1-253
      Section 41.3: Name Hiding & Importing
    • 1-254
      Section 41.4: Virtual Member Functions
    • 1-255
      Section 41.5: Const Correctness
    • 1-256
      Chapter 42: Constant class member functions
    • 1-257
      Section 42.1: constant member function
    • 1-258
      Chapter 43: C++ Containers
    • 1-259
      Section 43.1: C++ Containers Flowchart
    • 1-260
      Chapter 44: Namespaces
    • 1-261
      Section 44.1: What are namespaces?
    • 1-262
      Section 44.2: Argument Dependent Lookup
    • 1-263
      Section 44.3: Extending namespaces
    • 1-264
      Section 44.4: Using directive
    • 1-265
      Section 44.5: Making namespaces
    • 1-266
      Section 44.6: Unnamed/anonymous namespaces
    • 1-267
      Section 44.7: Compact nested namespaces
    • 1-268
      Section 44.8: Namespace alias
    • 1-269
      Section 44.9: Inline namespace
    • 1-270
      Section 44.10: Aliasing a long namespace
    • 1-271
      Section 44.11: Alias Declaration scope
    • 1-272
      Chapter 45: Header Files
    • 1-273
      Section 45.1: Basic Example
    • 1-274
      Section 45.2: Templates in Header Files
    • 1-275
      Chapter 46: Using declaration
    • 1-276
      Section 46.1: Importing names individually from a namespace
    • 1-277
      Section 46.2: Redeclaring members from a base class to avoid name hiding
    • 1-278
      Section 46.3: Inheriting constructors
    • 1-279
      Chapter 47: std::string
    • 1-280
      Section 47.1: Tokenize
    • 1-281
      Section 47.2: Conversion to (const) char*
    • 1-282
      Section 47.3: Using the std::string_view class
    • 1-283
      Section 47.4: Conversion to std::wstring
    • 1-284
      Section 47.5: Lexicographical comparison
    • 1-285
      Section 47.6: Trimming characters at start/end
    • 1-286
      Section 47.7: String replacement
    • 1-287
      Section 47.8: Converting to std::string
    • 1-288
      Section 47.9: Splitting
    • 1-289
      Section 47.10: Accessing a character
    • 1-290
      Section 47.11: Checking if a string is a prefix of another
    • 1-291
      Section 47.12: Looping through each character
    • 1-292
      Section 47.13: Conversion to integers/floating point types
    • 1-293
      Section 47.14: Concatenation
    • 1-294
      Section 47.15: Converting between character encodings
    • 1-295
      Section 47.16: Finding character(s) in a string
    • 1-296
      Chapter 48: std::array
    • 1-297
      Section 48.1: Initializing an std::array
    • 1-298
      Section 48.2: Element access
    • 1-299
      Section 48.3: Iterating through the Array
    • 1-300
      Section 48.4: Checking size of the Array
    • 1-301
      Section 48.5: Changing all array elements at once
    • 1-302
      Chapter 49: std::vector
    • 1-303
      Section 49.1: Accessing Elements
    • 1-304
      Section 49.2: Initializing a std::vector
    • 1-305
      Section 49.3: Deleting Elements
    • 1-306
      Section 49.4: Iterating Over std::vector
    • 1-307
      Section 49.5: vector<bool>: The Exception To So Many, So Many Rules
    • 1-308
      Section 49.6: Inserting Elements
    • 1-309
      Section 49.7: Using std::vector as a C array
    • 1-310
      Section 49.8: Finding an Element in std::vector
    • 1-311
      Section 49.9: Concatenating Vectors
    • 1-312
      Section 49.10: Matrices Using Vectors
    • 1-313
      Section 49.11: Using a Sorted Vector for Fast Element Lookup
    • 1-314
      Section 49.12: Reducing the Capacity of a Vector
    • 1-315
      Section 49.13: Vector size and capacity
    • 1-316
      Section 49.14: Iterator/Pointer Invalidation
    • 1-317
      Section 49.15: Find max and min Element and Respective Index in a Vector
    • 1-318
      Section 49.16: Converting an array to std::vector
    • 1-319
      Section 49.17: Functions Returning Large Vectors
    • 1-320
      Chapter 50: std::map
    • 1-321
      Section 50.1: Accessing elements
    • 1-322
      Section 50.2: Inserting elements
    • 1-323
      Section 50.3: Searching in std::map or in std::multimap
    • 1-324
      Section 50.4: Initializing a std::map or std::multimap
    • 1-325
      Section 50.5: Checking number of elements
    • 1-326
      Section 50.6: Types of Maps
    • 1-327
      Section 50.7: Deleting elements
    • 1-328
      Section 50.8: Iterating over std::map or std::multimap
    • 1-329
      Section 50.9: Creating std::map with user-defined types as key
    • 1-330
      Chapter 51: std::optional
    • 1-331
      Section 51.1: Using optionals to represent the absence of a value
    • 1-332
      Section 51.2: optional as return value
    • 1-333
      Section 51.3: value_or
    • 1-334
      Section 51.4: Introduction
    • 1-335
      Section 51.5: Using optionals to represent the failure of a function
    • 1-336
      Chapter 52: std::function: To wrap any element that is callable
    • 1-337
      Section 52.1: Simple usage
    • 1-338
      Section 52.2: std::function used with std::bind
    • 1-339
      Section 52.3: Binding std::function to a dierent callable types
    • 1-340
      Section 52.4: Storing function arguments in std::tuple
    • 1-341
      Section 52.5: std::function with lambda and std::bind
    • 1-342
      Section 52.6: `function` overhead
    • 1-343
      Chapter 53: std::forward_list
    • 1-344
      Section 53.1: Example
    • 1-345
      Section 53.2: Methods
    • 1-346
      Chapter 54: std::pair
    • 1-347
      Section 54.1: Compare operators
    • 1-348
      Section 54.2: Creating a Pair and accessing the elements
    • 1-349
      Chapter 55: std::atomics
    • 1-350
      Section 55.1: atomic types
    • 1-351
      Chapter 56: std::variant
    • 1-352
      Section 56.1: Create pseudo-method pointers
    • 1-353
      Section 56.2: Basic std::variant use
    • 1-354
      Section 56.3: Constructing a `std::variant`
    • 1-355
      Chapter 57: std::iomanip
    • 1-356
      Section 57.1: std::setprecision
    • 1-357
      Section 57.2: std::setfill
    • 1-358
      Section 57.3: std::setiosflags
    • 1-359
      Section 57.4: std::setw
    • 1-360
      Chapter 58: std::any
    • 1-361
      Section 58.1: Basic usage
    • 1-362
      Chapter 59: std::set and std::multiset
    • 1-363
      Section 59.1: Changing the default sort of a set
    • 1-364
      Section 59.2: Deleting values from a set
    • 1-365
      Section 59.3: Inserting values in a set
    • 1-366
      Section 59.4: Inserting values in a multiset
    • 1-367
      Section 59.5: Searching values in set and multiset
    • 1-368
      Chapter 60: std::integer_sequence
    • 1-369
      Section 60.1: Turn a std::tuple<T...> into function parameters
    • 1-370
      Section 60.2: Create a parameter pack consisting of integers
    • 1-371
      Section 60.3: Turn a sequence of indices into copies of an element
    • 1-372
      Chapter 61: Using std::unordered_map
    • 1-373
      Section 61.1: Declaration and Usage
    • 1-374
      Section 61.2: Some Basic Functions
    • 1-375
      Chapter 62: Standard Library Algorithms
    • 1-376
      Section 62.1: std::next_permutation
    • 1-377
      Section 62.2: std::for_each
    • 1-378
      Section 62.3: std::accumulate
    • 1-379
      Section 62.4: std::find
    • 1-380
      Section 62.5: std::min_element
    • 1-381
      Section 62.6: std::find_if
    • 1-382
      Section 62.7: Using std::nth_element To Find The Median (Or Other Quantiles)
    • 1-383
      Section 62.8: std::count
    • 1-384
      Section 62.9: std::count_if
    • 1-385
      Chapter 63: The ISO C++ Standard
    • 1-386
      Section 63.1: Current Working Drafts
    • 1-387
      Section 63.2: C++17
    • 1-388
      Section 63.3: C++11
    • 1-389
      Section 63.4: C++14
    • 1-390
      Section 63.5: C++98
    • 1-391
      Section 63.6: C++03
    • 1-392
      Section 63.7: C++20
    • 1-393
      Chapter 64: Inline variables
    • 1-394
      Section 64.1: Defining a static data member in the class definition
    • 1-395
      Chapter 65: Random number generation
    • 1-396
      Section 65.1: True random value generator
    • 1-397
      Section 65.2: Generating a pseudo-random number
    • 1-398
      Section 65.3: Using the generator for multiple distributions
    • 1-399
      Chapter 66: Date and time using <chrono> header
    • 1-400
      Section 66.1: Measuring time using <chrono>
    • 1-401
      Section 66.2: Find number of days between two dates
    • 1-402
      Chapter 67: Sorting
    • 1-403
      Section 67.1: Sorting and sequence containers
    • 1-404
      Section 67.2: sorting with std::map (ascending and descending)
    • 1-405
      Section 67.3: Sorting sequence containers by overloaded less operator
    • 1-406
      Section 67.4: Sorting sequence containers using compare function
    • 1-407
      Section 67.5: Sorting sequence containers using lambda expressions (C++11)
    • 1-408
      Section 67.6: Sorting built-in arrays
    • 1-409
      Section 67.7: Sorting sequence containers with specifed ordering
    • 1-410
      Chapter 68: Enumeration
    • 1-411
      Section 68.1: Iteration over an enum
    • 1-412
      Section 68.2: Scoped enums
    • 1-413
      Section 68.3: Enum forward declaration in C++11
    • 1-414
      Section 68.4: Basic Enumeration Declaration
    • 1-415
      Section 68.5: Enumeration in switch statements
    • 1-416
      Chapter 69: Iteration
    • 1-417
      Section 69.1: break
    • 1-418
      Section 69.2: continue
    • 1-419
      Section 69.3: do
    • 1-420
      Section 69.4: while
    • 1-421
      Section 69.5: range-based for loop
    • 1-422
      Section 69.6: for
    • 1-423
      Chapter 70: Regular expressions
    • 1-424
      Section 70.1: Basic regex_match and regex_search Examples
    • 1-425
      Section 70.2: regex_iterator Example
    • 1-426
      Section 70.3: Anchors
    • 1-427
      Section 70.4: regex_replace Example
    • 1-428
      Section 70.5: regex_token_iterator Example
    • 1-429
      Section 70.6: Quantifiers
    • 1-430
      Section 70.7: Splitting a string
    • 1-431
      Chapter 71: Implementation-defined behavior
    • 1-432
      Section 71.1: Size of integral types
    • 1-433
      Section 71.2: Char might be unsigned or signed
    • 1-434
      Section 71.3: Ranges of numeric types
    • 1-435
      Section 71.4: Value representation of floating point types
    • 1-436
      Section 71.5: Overflow when converting from integer to signed integer
    • 1-437
      Section 71.6: Underlying type (and hence size) of an enum
    • 1-438
      Section 71.7: Numeric value of a pointer
    • 1-439
      Section 71.8: Number of bits in a byte
    • 1-440
      Chapter 72: Exceptions
    • 1-441
      Section 72.1: Catching exceptions
    • 1-442
      Section 72.2: Rethrow (propagate) exception
    • 1-443
      Section 72.3: Best practice: throw by value, catch by const reference
    • 1-444
      Section 72.4: Custom exception
    • 1-445
      Section 72.5: std::uncaught_exceptions
    • 1-446
      Section 72.6: Function Try Block for regular function
    • 1-447
      Section 72.7: Nested exception
    • 1-448
      Section 72.8: Function Try Blocks In constructor
    • 1-449
      Section 72.9: Function Try Blocks In destructor
    • 1-450
      Chapter 73: Lambdas
    • 1-451
      Section 73.1: What is a lambda expression?
    • 1-452
      Section 73.2: Specifying the return type
    • 1-453
      Section 73.3: Capture by value
    • 1-454
      Section 73.4: Recursive lambdas
    • 1-455
      Section 73.5: Default capture
    • 1-456
      Section 73.6: Class lambdas and capture of this
    • 1-457
      Section 73.7: Capture by reference
    • 1-458
      Section 73.8: Generic lambdas
    • 1-459
      Section 73.9: Using lambdas for inline parameter pack unpacking
    • 1-460
      Section 73.10: Generalized capture
    • 1-461
      Section 73.11: Conversion to function pointer
    • 1-462
      Section 73.12: Porting lambda functions to C++03 using functors
    • 1-463
      Chapter 74: Value Categories
    • 1-464
      Section 74.1: Value Category Meanings
    • 1-465
      Section 74.2: rvalue
    • 1-466
      Section 74.3: xvalue
    • 1-467
      Section 74.4: prvalue
    • 1-468
      Section 74.5: lvalue
    • 1-469
      Section 74.6: glvalue
    • 1-470
      Chapter 75: Preprocessor
    • 1-471
      Section 75.1: Include Guards
    • 1-472
      Section 75.2: Conditional logic and cross-platform handling
    • 1-473
      Section 75.3: X-macros
    • 1-474
      Section 75.4: Macros
    • 1-475
      Section 75.5: Predefined macros
    • 1-476
      Section 75.6: Preprocessor Operators
    • 1-477
      Section 75.7: #pragma once
    • 1-478
      Section 75.8: Preprocessor error messages
    • 1-479
      Chapter 76: Data Structures in C++
    • 1-480
      Section 76.1: Linked List implementation in C++
    • 1-481
      Chapter 77: Templates
    • 1-482
      Section 77.1: Basic Class Template
    • 1-483
      Section 77.2: Function Templates
    • 1-484
      Section 77.3: Variadic template data structures
    • 1-485
      Section 77.4: Argument forwarding
    • 1-486
      Section 77.5: Partial template specialization
    • 1-487
      Section 77.6: Template Specialization
    • 1-488
      Section 77.7: Alias template
    • 1-489
      Section 77.8: Explicit instantiation
    • 1-490
      Section 77.9: Non-type template parameter
    • 1-491
      Section 77.10: Declaring non-type template arguments with auto
    • 1-492
      Section 77.11: Template template parameters
    • 1-493
      Section 77.12: Default template parameter value
    • 1-494
      Chapter 78: Expression templates
    • 1-495
      Section 78.1: A basic example illustrating expression templates
    • 1-496
      Chapter 79: Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)
    • 1-497
      Section 79.1: The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)
    • 1-498
      Section 79.2: CRTP to avoid code duplication
    • 1-499
      Chapter 80: Threading
    • 1-500
      Section 80.1: Creating a std::thread
    • 1-501
      Section 80.2: Passing a reference to a thread
    • 1-502
      Section 80.3: Using std::async instead of std::thread
    • 1-503
      Section 80.4: Basic Synchronization
    • 1-504
      Section 80.5: Create a simple thread pool
    • 1-505
      Section 80.6: Ensuring a thread is always joined
    • 1-506
      Section 80.7: Operations on the current thread
    • 1-507
      Section 80.8: Using Condition Variables
    • 1-508
      Section 80.9: Thread operations
    • 1-509
      Section 80.10: Thread-local storage
    • 1-510
      Section 80.11: Reassigning thread objects
    • 1-511
      Chapter 81: Thread synchronization structures
    • 1-512
      Section 81.1: std::condition_variable_any, std::cv_status
    • 1-513
      Section 81.2: std::shared_lock
    • 1-514
      Section 81.3: std::call_once, std::once_flag
    • 1-515
      Section 81.4: Object locking for ecient access
    • 1-516
      Chapter 82: The Rule of Three, Five, And Zero
    • 1-517
      Section 82.1: Rule of Zero
    • 1-518
      Section 82.2: Rule of Five
    • 1-519
      Section 82.3: Rule of Three
    • 1-520
      Section 82.4: Self-assignment Protection
    • 1-521
      Chapter 83: RAII: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
    • 1-522
      Section 83.1: Locking
    • 1-523
      Section 83.2: ScopeSuccess (c++17)
    • 1-524
      Section 83.3: ScopeFail (c++17)
    • 1-525
      Section 83.4: Finally/ScopeExit
    • 1-526
      Chapter 84: RTTI: Run-Time Type Information
    • 1-527
      Section 84.1: dynamic_cast
    • 1-528
      Section 84.2: The typeid keyword
    • 1-529
      Section 84.3: Name of a type
    • 1-530
      Section 84.4: When to use which cast in c++
    • 1-531
      Chapter 85: Mutexes
    • 1-532
      Section 85.1: Mutex Types
    • 1-533
      Section 85.2: std::lock
    • 1-534
      Section 85.3: std::unique_lock, std::shared_lock, std::lock_guard
    • 1-535
      Section 85.4: Strategies for lock classes: std::try_to_lock, std::adopt_lock, std::defer_lock
    • 1-536
      Section 85.5: std::mutex
    • 1-537
      Section 85.6: std::scoped_lock (C++ 17)
    • 1-538
      Chapter 86: Recursive Mutex
    • 1-539
      Section 86.1: std::recursive_mutex
    • 1-540
      Chapter 87: Semaphore
    • 1-541
      Section 87.1: Semaphore C++ 11
    • 1-542
      Section 87.2: Semaphore class in action
    • 1-543
      Chapter 88: Futures and Promises
    • 1-544
      Section 88.1: Async operation classes
    • 1-545
      Section 88.2: std::future and std::promise
    • 1-546
      Section 88.3: Deferred async example
    • 1-547
      Section 88.4: std::packaged_task and std::future
    • 1-548
      Section 88.5: std::future_error and std::future_errc
    • 1-549
      Section 88.6: std::future and std::async
    • 1-550
      Chapter 89: Atomic Types
    • 1-551
      Section 89.1: Multi-threaded Access
    • 1-552
      Chapter 90: Type Erasure
    • 1-553
      Section 90.1: A move-only `std::function`
    • 1-554
      Section 90.2: Erasing down to a Regular type with manual vtable
    • 1-555
      Section 90.3: Basic mechanism
    • 1-556
      Section 90.4: Erasing down to a contiguous buer of T
    • 1-557
      Section 90.5: Type erasing type erasure with std::any
    • 1-558
      Chapter 91: Explicit type conversions
    • 1-559
      Section 91.1: C-style casting
    • 1-560
      Section 91.2: Casting away constness
    • 1-561
      Section 91.3: Base to derived conversion
    • 1-562
      Section 91.4: Conversion between pointer and integer
    • 1-563
      Section 91.5: Conversion by explicit constructor or explicit conversion function
    • 1-564
      Section 91.6: Implicit conversion
    • 1-565
      Section 91.7: Enum conversions
    • 1-566
      Section 91.8: Derived to base conversion for pointers to members
    • 1-567
      Section 91.9: void* to T*
    • 1-568
      Section 91.10: Type punning conversion
    • 1-569
      Chapter 92: Unnamed types
    • 1-570
      Section 92.1: Unnamed classes
    • 1-571
      Section 92.2: As a type alias
    • 1-572
      Section 92.3: Anonymous members
    • 1-573
      Section 92.4: Anonymous Union
    • 1-574
      Chapter 93: Type Traits
    • 1-575
      Section 93.1: Type Properties
    • 1-576
      Section 93.2: Standard type traits
    • 1-577
      Section 93.3: Type relations with std::is_same<T, T>
    • 1-578
      Section 93.4: Fundamental type traits
    • 1-579
      Chapter 94: Return Type Covariance
    • 1-580
      Section 94.1: Covariant result version of the base example, static type checking
    • 1-581
      Section 94.2: Covariant smart pointer result (automated cleanup)
    • 1-582
      Chapter 95: Layout of object types
    • 1-583
      Section 95.1: Class types
    • 1-584
      Section 95.2: Arithmetic types
    • 1-585
      Section 95.3: Arrays
    • 1-586
      Chapter 96: Type Inference
    • 1-587
      Section 96.1: Data Type: Auto
    • 1-588
      Section 96.2: Lambda auto
    • 1-589
      Section 96.3: Loops and auto
    • 1-590
      Chapter 97: Typedef and type aliases
    • 1-591
      Section 97.1: Basic typedef syntax
    • 1-592
      Section 97.2: More complex uses of typedef
    • 1-593
      Section 97.3: Declaring multiple types with typedef
    • 1-594
      Section 97.4: Alias declaration with "using"
    • 1-595
      Chapter 98: type deduction
    • 1-596
      Section 98.1: Template parameter deduction for constructors
    • 1-597
      Section 98.2: Auto Type Deduction
    • 1-598
      Section 98.3: Template Type Deduction
    • 1-599
      Chapter 99: Trailing return type
    • 1-600
      Section 99.1: Avoid qualifying a nested type name
    • 1-601
      Section 99.2: Lambda expressions
    • 1-602
      Chapter 100: Alignment
    • 1-603
      Section 100.1: Controlling alignment
    • 1-604
      Section 100.2: Querying the alignment of a type
    • 1-605
      Chapter 101: Perfect Forwarding
    • 1-606
      Section 101.1: Factory functions
    • 1-607
      Chapter 102: decltype
    • 1-608
      Section 102.1: Basic Example
    • 1-609
      Section 102.2: Another example
    • 1-610
      Chapter 103: SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error)
    • 1-611
      Section 103.1: What is SFINAE
    • 1-612
      Section 103.2: void_t
    • 1-613
      Section 103.3: enable_if
    • 1-614
      Section 103.4: is_detected
    • 1-615
      Section 103.5: Overload resolution with a large number of options
    • 1-616
      Section 103.6: trailing decltype in function templates
    • 1-617
      Section 103.7: enable_if_all / enable_if_any
    • 1-618
      Chapter 104: Undefined Behavior
    • 1-619
      Section 104.1: Reading or writing through a null pointer
    • 1-620
      Section 104.2: Using an uninitialized local variable
    • 1-621
      Section 104.3: Accessing an out-of-bounds index
    • 1-622
      Section 104.4: Deleting a derived object via a pointer to a base class that doesn't have a virtual destructor
    • 1-623
      Section 104.5: Extending the `std` or `posix` Namespace
    • 1-624
      Section 104.6: Invalid pointer arithmetic
    • 1-625
      Section 104.7: No return statement for a function with a non-void return type
    • 1-626
      Section 104.8: Accessing a dangling reference
    • 1-627
      Section 104.9: Integer division by zero
    • 1-628
      Section 104.10: Shifting by an invalid number of positions
    • 1-629
      Section 104.11: Incorrect pairing of memory allocation and deallocation
    • 1-630
      Section 104.12: Signed Integer Overflow
    • 1-631
      Section 104.13: Multiple non-identical definitions (the One Definition Rule)
    • 1-632
      Section 104.14: Modifying a const object
    • 1-633
      Section 104.15: Returning from a [[noreturn]] function
    • 1-634
      Section 104.16: Infinite template recursion
    • 1-635
      Section 104.17: Overflow during conversion to or from floating point type
    • 1-636
      Section 104.18: Modifying a string literal
    • 1-637
      Section 104.19: Accessing an object as the wrong type
    • 1-638
      Section 104.20: Invalid derived-to-base conversion for pointers to members
    • 1-639
      Section 104.21: Destroying an object that has already been destroyed
    • 1-640
      Section 104.22: Access to nonexistent member through pointer to member
    • 1-641
      Section 104.23: Invalid base-to-derived static cast
    • 1-642
      Section 104.24: Floating point overflow
    • 1-643
      Section 104.25: Calling (Pure) Virtual Members From Constructor Or Destructor
    • 1-644
      Section 104.26: Function call through mismatched function pointer type
    • 1-645
      Chapter 105: Overload resolution
    • 1-646
      Section 105.1: Categorization of argument to parameter cost
    • 1-647
      Section 105.2: Arithmetic promotions and conversions
    • 1-648
      Section 105.3: Overloading on Forwarding Reference
    • 1-649
      Section 105.4: Exact match
    • 1-650
      Section 105.5: Overloading on constness and volatility
    • 1-651
      Section 105.6: Name lookup and access checking
    • 1-652
      Section 105.7: Overloading within a class hierarchy
    • 1-653
      Section 105.8: Steps of Overload Resolution
    • 1-654
      Chapter 106: Move Semantics
    • 1-655
      Section 106.1: Move semantics
    • 1-656
      Section 106.2: Using std::move to reduce complexity from O(n²) to O(n)
    • 1-657
      Section 106.3: Move constructor
    • 1-658
      Section 106.4: Re-use a moved object
    • 1-659
      Section 106.5: Move assignment
    • 1-660
      Section 106.6: Using move semantics on containers
    • 1-661
      Chapter 107: Pimpl Idiom
    • 1-662
      Section 107.1: Basic Pimpl idiom
    • 1-663
      Chapter 108: auto
    • 1-664
      Section 108.1: Basic auto sample
    • 1-665
      Section 108.2: Generic lambda (C++14)
    • 1-666
      Section 108.3: auto and proxy objects
    • 1-667
      Section 108.4: auto and Expression Templates
    • 1-668
      Section 108.5: auto, const, and references
    • 1-669
      Section 108.6: Trailing return type
    • 1-670
      Chapter 109: Copy Elision
    • 1-671
      Section 109.1: Purpose of copy elision
    • 1-672
      Section 109.2: Guaranteed copy elision
    • 1-673
      Section 109.3: Parameter elision
    • 1-674
      Section 109.4: Return value elision
    • 1-675
      Section 109.5: Named return value elision
    • 1-676
      Section 109.6: Copy initialization elision
    • 1-677
      Chapter 110: Fold Expressions
    • 1-678
      Section 110.1: Unary Folds
    • 1-679
      Section 110.2: Binary Folds
    • 1-680
      Section 110.3: Folding over a comma
    • 1-681
      Chapter 111: Unions
    • 1-682
      Section 111.1: Undefined Behavior
    • 1-683
      Section 111.2: Basic Union Features
    • 1-684
      Section 111.3: Typical Use
    • 1-685
      Chapter 112: Design pattern implementation in C++
    • 1-686
      Section 112.1: Adapter Pattern
    • 1-687
      Section 112.2: Observer pattern
    • 1-688
      Section 112.3: Factory Pattern
    • 1-689
      Section 112.4: Builder Pattern with Fluent API
    • 1-690
      Chapter 113: Singleton Design Pattern
    • 1-691
      Section 113.1: Lazy Initialization
    • 1-692
      Section 113.2: Static deinitialization-safe singleton
    • 1-693
      Section 113.3: Thread-safe Singeton
    • 1-694
      Section 113.4: Subclasses
    • 1-695
      Chapter 114: User-Defined Literals
    • 1-696
      Section 114.1: Self-made user-defined literal for binary
    • 1-697
      Section 114.2: Standard user-defined literals for duration
    • 1-698
      Section 114.3: User-defined literals with long double values
    • 1-699
      Section 114.4: Standard user-defined literals for strings
    • 1-700
      Section 114.5: Standard user-defined literals for complex
    • 1-701
      Chapter 115: Memory management
    • 1-702
      Section 115.1: Free Storage (Heap, Dynamic Allocation ...)
    • 1-703
      Section 115.2: Placement new
    • 1-704
      Section 115.3: Stack
    • 1-705
      Chapter 116: C++11 Memory Model
    • 1-706
      Section 116.1: Need for Memory Model
    • 1-707
      Section 116.2: Fence example
    • 1-708
      Chapter 117: Scopes
    • 1-709
      Section 117.1: Global variables
    • 1-710
      Section 117.2: Simple block scope
    • 1-711
      Chapter 118: static_assert
    • 1-712
      Section 118.1: static_assert
    • 1-713
      Chapter 119: constexpr
    • 1-714
      Section 119.1: constexpr variables
    • 1-715
      Section 119.2: Static if statement
    • 1-716
      Section 119.3: constexpr functions
    • 1-717
      Chapter 120: One Definition Rule (ODR)
    • 1-718
      Section 120.1: ODR violation via overload resolution
    • 1-719
      Section 120.2: Multiply defined function
    • 1-720
      Section 120.3: Inline functions
    • 1-721
      Chapter 121: Unspecified behavior
    • 1-722
      Section 121.1: Value of an out-of-range enum
    • 1-723
      Section 121.2: Evaluation order of function arguments
    • 1-724
      Section 121.3: Result of some reinterpret_cast conversions
    • 1-725
      Section 121.4: Space occupied by a reference
    • 1-726
      Section 121.5: Moved-from state of most standard library classes
    • 1-727
      Section 121.6: Result of some pointer comparisons
    • 1-728
      Section 121.7: Static cast from bogus void* value
    • 1-729
      Section 121.8: Order of initialization of globals across TU
    • 1-730
      Chapter 122: Argument Dependent Name Lookup
    • 1-731
      Section 122.1: What functions are found
    • 1-732
      Chapter 123: Attributes
    • 1-733
      Section 123.1: [[fallthrough]]
    • 1-734
      Section 123.2: [[nodiscard]]
    • 1-735
      Section 123.3: [[deprecated]] and [[deprecated("reason")]]
    • 1-736
      Section 123.4: [[maybe_unused]]
    • 1-737
      Section 123.5: [[noreturn]]
    • 1-738
      Chapter 124: Recursion in C++
    • 1-739
      Section 124.1: Using tail recursion and Fibonnaci-style recursion to solve the Fibonnaci sequence
    • 1-740
      Section 124.2: Recursion with memoization
    • 1-741
      Chapter 125: Arithmitic Metaprogramming
    • 1-742
      Section 125.1: Calculating power in O(log n)
    • 1-743
      Chapter 126: Callable Objects
    • 1-744
      Section 126.1: Function Pointers
    • 1-745
      Section 126.2: Classes with operator() (Functors)
    • 1-746
      Chapter 127: Client server examples
    • 1-747
      Section 127.1: Hello TCP Client
    • 1-748
      Section 127.2: Hello TCP Server
    • 1-749
      Chapter 128: Const Correctness
    • 1-750
      Section 128.1: The Basics
    • 1-751
      Section 128.2: Const Correct Class Design
    • 1-752
      Section 128.3: Const Correct Function Parameters
    • 1-753
      Section 128.4: Const Correctness as Documentation
    • 1-754
      Chapter 129: Parameter packs
    • 1-755
      Section 129.1: A template with a parameter pack
    • 1-756
      Section 129.2: Expansion of a parameter pack
    • 1-757
      Chapter 130: Build Systems
    • 1-758
      Section 130.1: Generating Build Environment with CMake
    • 1-759
      Section 130.2: Compiling with GNU make
    • 1-760
      Section 130.3: Building with SCons
    • 1-761
      Section 130.4: Autotools (GNU)
    • 1-762
      Section 130.5: Ninja
    • 1-763
      Section 130.6: NMAKE (Microsoft Program Maintenance Utility)
    • 1-764
      Chapter 131: Concurrency With OpenMP
    • 1-765
      Section 131.1: OpenMP: Parallel Sections
    • 1-766
      Section 131.2: OpenMP: Parallel Sections
    • 1-767
      Section 131.3: OpenMP: Parallel For Loop
    • 1-768
      Section 131.4: OpenMP: Parallel Gathering / Reduction
    • 1-769
      Chapter 132: Resource Management
    • 1-770
      Section 132.1: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
    • 1-771
      Section 132.2: Mutexes & Thread Safety
    • 1-772
      Chapter 133: Storage class specifiers
    • 1-773
      Section 133.1: extern
    • 1-774
      Section 133.2: register
    • 1-775
      Section 133.3: static
    • 1-776
      Section 133.4: auto
    • 1-777
      Section 133.5: mutable
    • 1-778
      Chapter 134: Linkage specifications
    • 1-779
      Section 134.1: Signal handler for Unix-like operating system
    • 1-780
      Section 134.2: Making a C library header compatible with C++
    • 1-781
      Chapter 135: Digit separators
    • 1-782
      Section 135.1: Digit Separator
    • 1-783
      Chapter 136: C incompatibilities
    • 1-784
      Section 136.1: Reserved Keywords
    • 1-785
      Section 136.2: Weakly typed pointers
    • 1-786
      Section 136.3: goto or switch
    • 1-787
      Chapter 137: Side by Side Comparisons of classic C++ examples solved via C++ vs C++11 vs C++14 vs C++17
    • 1-788
      Section 137.1: Looping through a container
    • 1-789
      Chapter 138: Compiling and Building
    • 1-790
      Section 138.1: Compiling with GCC
    • 1-791
      Section 138.2: Compiling with Visual Studio (Graphical Interface) - Hello World
    • 1-792
      Section 138.3: Online Compilers
    • 1-793
      Section 138.4: Compiling with Visual C++ (Command Line)
    • 1-794
      Section 138.5: Compiling with Clang
    • 1-795
      Section 138.6: The C++ compilation process
    • 1-796
      Section 138.7: Compiling with Code::Blocks (Graphical interface)
    • 1-797
      Chapter 139: Common compile/linker errors (GCC)
    • 1-798
      Section 139.1: undefined reference to `***'
    • 1-799
      Section 139.2: error: '***' was not declared in this scope
    • 1-800
      Section 139.3: fatal error: ***: No such file or directory
    • 1-801
      Chapter 140: More undefined behaviors in C++
    • 1-802
      Section 140.1: Referring to non-static members in initializer lists
    • 1-803
      Chapter 141: Unit Testing in C++
    • 1-804
      Section 141.1: Google Test
    • 1-805
      Section 141.2: Catch
    • 1-806
      Chapter 142: C++ Debugging and Debug-prevention Tools & Techniques
    • 1-807
      Section 142.1: Static analysis
    • 1-808
      Section 142.2: Segfault analysis with GDB
    • 1-809
      Section 142.3: Clean code
    • 1-810
      Chapter 143: Optimization in C++
    • 1-811
      Section 143.1: Introduction to performance
    • 1-812
      Section 143.2: Empty Base Class Optimization
    • 1-813
      Section 143.3: Optimizing by executing less code
    • 1-814
      Section 143.4: Using ecient containers
    • 1-815
      Section 143.5: Small Object Optimization
    • 1-816
      Chapter 144: Optimization
    • 1-817
      Section 144.1: Inline Expansion/Inlining
    • 1-818
      Section 144.2: Empty base optimization
    • 1-819
      Chapter 145: Profiling
    • 1-820
      Section 145.1: Profiling with gcc and gprof
    • 1-821
      Section 145.2: Generating callgraph diagrams with gperf2dot
    • 1-822
      Section 145.3: Profiling CPU Usage with gcc and Google Perf Tools
    • 1-823
      Chapter 146: Refactoring Techniques
    • 1-824
      Section 146.1: Goto Cleanup
    • 1-825
      Credits
    • 1-826
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